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Italians Early Influence on America

Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506)

was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy.[1][2][3][4] Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World".

Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454 – February 22, 1512)

was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer. The Americas are generally believed to have derived their name from the feminized Latin version of his first name

John Cabot (known in Italian as Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 – c. 1499)

was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America is commonly held to have been the first European encounter with the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings in the eleventh century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
http://www.niaf.org/research/contribution.asp#amrev

From the beginning of U.S. history, Italians have supported American independence.

* Three Italian regiments, totaling some 1,500 men, fought for American independence: the Third Piemonte, the 13th Du Perche, and the Royal Italian.

* Filippo Mazzei, a Tuscan physician, fought alongside Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry during the American Revolution. Mazzei drew up a plan to capture the British in New York by cutting off their sea escape, and convinced France to help the American colonists financially and militarily in their struggle against British rule. He also inspired the Jeffersonian phrase: "All men are created equal" when he wrote "All men are by nature equally free and independent."

* Italian officers in the American Revolution include: Captain Cosimo de Medici of the North Carolina Light Dragoons; Lieutenant James Bracco, 7th Maryland Regiment, killed at the Battle of White Plains; Captain B. Tagliaferro, second in command of the Second Virginia Regiment, a direct subaltern of General George Washington; 2nd Lieutenant Nicola Talliaferro of the 2nd Virginia Regiment; and Colonel Richard Talliaferro, who fell at the Battle of Guilford. Other Italian officers, most from Massachusetts, are on regimental rolls of the Continental Army.

* Major John Belli was the Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army from 1792 to 1794. The first settler in Scioto County, Ohio, he lived there until his death in 1809.

* Three of the first five warships commissioned by the Continental Congress of the new American government, were named Christopher Columbus, John Cabot and Andrea Doria. Doria was a 16th century navy admiral from Genoa who was still fighting the Barbary pirates in his mid 80s.

* Francesco Vigo (1747-1836), is believed the first Italian to become an American citizen. A successful fur trader on the western frontier (today the mid-western states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio), Vigo served as a colonel, spy, and financier during the American Revolution. He died a pauper, but in 1876 the U.S. government gave his heirs about $50,000 to repay them for Vigo's financial support of the Revolutionary War. Along with George Rogers Clark, he helped settle the Northwest territory.

Prepared by: The National Italian American Foundation

The NIAF thanks military historian Rudy A. D'Angelo for his assistance with this fact sheet.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN BASEBALL

Legendary Italian Americans have set records in America's favorite sport.

* Known as "The Yankee Clipper," Joseph Paul DiMaggio, the son of Sicilian immigrants in California, had a 56-game hitting streak in 1941 which still stands as the longest in baseball history. He retired with a .325 lifetime batting average, 361 home runs, and 1,537 runs batted in, and was voted American League Most Valuable Player three times (1939, 1941 and 1947) during the 13 seasons he played for the New York Yankees. In 1936, the defensive center fielder won a position on the Yankees team. In 1950, Joe DiMaggio was voted the "Greatest Living Player" of baseball and in 1955, only four years after his retirement, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. He died March 8, 1999 at age 84.

* Yogi Berra, born Lawrence Peter Berra in Saint Louis, Missouri, played for 14 pennant-winning and 10 World Series winning clubs-- a record no other player has matched. One of baseball's greatest catchers, he was voted American League Most Valuable Player three times (1951, 1954 and 1959). Berra joined the New York Yankees in 1946 and played with the team for 17 years, then managed the Yankees and the New York Mets. In 1964, he led the Yankees to the American pennant, becoming the first Italian American manager to win a league championship. Childhood friends gave him his famous nickname because he used to sit with his legs crossed like a Buddha in the dugout. During his career, Berra had a .285 lifetime batting average and hit 358 home runs. His malaprop sayings are part of popular culture and include: "It ain't over till it's over" and "Nobody goes there anymore. It's too crowded.

* Known as "the Scooter" for his agility as a shortstop, Phil Rizzuto played for the Yankees from 1941 to 1954, less two years in the Navy during World War II (1943-45). A key member of ten Yankee pennant-winning teams and nine World Series classics, he had 200 hits in 1950, a Yankee club record for shortstops, which helped earn him selection as the American League's most valuable player that year. After retiring, he became a sports announcer and was known as "the voice of the Yankees.

* Roy Campanella, a catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers, played in five World Series. He was named Most Valuable Player in 1951, 1953 and 1955. He caught 1,215 games in his 10 seasons and had a lifetime batting average of .276. His career ended tragically when he was left paralyzed from a car crash.

* Vic Raschi, born March 28, 1919, pitched for the New York Yankees on five straight World Series champion teams from 1949 to 1953, winning 21 games three years in a row. Nicknamed "the Springfield Rifle" for his powerful arm, the West Springfield, Massachusetts native had a 132-66 lifetime record with 26 shutouts.

* The first Italian American to manage a major league baseball team was Phil Cavarretta, a former player who managed the Chicago Cubs from 1951 to 1954. Cavarretta's appointment came four years after the late Jackie Robinson became the first African American player in the major leagues.

* Baseball's ambassador Tommy Lasorda in 1999 celebrated 50 years with the Dodgers as a player, scout, coach manager, and vice president. He holds the second longest tenure in baseball history with the same team. He led the Dodgers to a World Championship in 1981, three National League titles and five division titles. "Mr. Baseball" was named Manager of the Year four times, and managed in three World Series and three All-Star games.

* Billy Martin, born Alfred Manuel Pesano, became the first Italian American manager to win a World Series when he led the New York Yankees to victory in 1977. Four other Italian Americans managers have led their teams to World Series victories: Tommy Lasorda led the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1981 and 1988, Joe Altobelli of the Baltimore Orioles in 1983, Tony LaRussa of the Oakland Athletics in 1989, and Joe Torre of the New York Yankees in 1996 and 1998.

* Buttercup Dickerson, born Lewis Pessano in Tyaskin, Maryland in 1858, was the first Italian American player in the major leagues. His first game was July 15, 1878 when he was the starting outfielder for Cincinnati. Batting left and throwing right, he played for seven years and finished his career playing for Buffalo. His lifetime batting average was 284. He died on July 23, 1920.

EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS

Columbus is perhaps the most famous Italian explorer, but many other Italians and Italian Americans also made significant discoveries that expanded America.

* In all, Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) made four voyages to the New World. On his third trip in 1498, he landed in Venezuela. It was the first time he actually set foot on the South American continent.

* Giovanni Caboto, whom most know as John Cabot [1450 (c)-1498], discovered North America in 1497. Sailing under the English flag, he established Newfoundland and laid the basis for the English colonization of America.

* Sebastian Cabot [1482-1557], the son of John Cabot, organized the English Navy and later, sailing under the Spanish flag, explored South America, which allowed Spain to take possession of the continent.

* The New World was named "America" for Amerigo Vespucci(1451-1512), the Florentine explorer and geographer who was a friend to Columbus.He sailed to the New World in 1499, landing in what is now Brazil. Vespucci was the first to advance the belief that the land discovered by Columbus was not India, but a new continent and for that, European cartographers named the New World in his honor.

* The first explorer to describe the North American mainland and New York Bay was the Florentine Giovanni da Verrazzano [1481 (c) - 1528]. He reached what is now Cape Fear, North Carolina in 1524, sailed to Cape Hatteras, Maine and then entered New York Bay eighty-five years before the Dutch seaman Henry Hudson.

* Jamestown, the first English settlement in the New World, was home to several Italian glass blowers around 1610. One family, the Tagliaferros, arrived in 1637. Pronounced "Tolliver," today it is still one of the most well-known names in the South.

* The first relatively large immigration of Italians to the American colonies was in 1657 when an estimated 300 Protestants from Piedmont landed in New York and went on to Delaware, where they organized the first government of the colony of New Amstel, now New Castle, Delaware.

* The American Southwest and California were explored and mapped almost solely by Eusebio Kino (1645-1711), an Italian Jesuit priest, whose name was changed by the Spanish from "Chino." Exploring under the Spanish flag, he established 19 missions and built more than 30 churches.

* Henry Di Tonti, known as "Tonti the Iron Hand" because he lost a hand in battle, accompanied Robert La Salle, a Frenchman, and explored for the first time the Great Lakes in The Griffin, a ship he built in 1679. Tonti also founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1680, and the first French settlement in Arkansas in 1683. He sailed under the French flag because he was from Gaeta, near Rome, which was originally controlled by France. Today, Tontitown in Arkansas is named in his honor.

* The co-founder of Detroit, Michigan in 1704 and its colonial governor for 12 years was Alphonse Tonty, the younger brother of explorer Henry Tonti.

* The route to the the source of the Mississippi River, was discovered by Giacomo Costantino Beltrami while hewas exploring the territory that later became Minnesotain 1823.In 1886, Minnesota created Beltrami County in honor of the explorer's discovery.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN FOOTBALL

As players and coaches, Italian Americans have set records in one of America's most popular sports.

* Legendary football coach Vince Lombardi (1913-1970) led the Green Bay Packers to five National Football League (NFL) championships (between 1959 and 1967), the first and second Super Bowls (1967 and 1968), and three world titles during the 1960s. The Brooklyn-born former football player and coach introduced the T-formation offense, which he used in 1956 to bring the New York Giants to their first NFL championship since 1938. In 1969, he coached Washington, D.C.'s Redskins, bringing them to their first winning season in more than two decades. He died in 1970 and was elected posthumously to the Football Hall of Fame the same year. His motto was "Winning isn't everything. It's the only thing."

* Joe Paterno became head coach of the Penn State football team in 1965 where he led the team to 22 major bowl games and four perfect seasons, produced many All American players and 48 players who joined the NFL. Three times honored as Coach of the Year, he won more than 80 percent of his games.

* Lou Little, born Luigi Piccolo in 1893, was a member of the National Football Foundation Hall of Fame. He coached Columbia University's football team from 1930 to 1956 and was known for developing teams that never gave up. Among his more notable victories was a one-point win over Army in 1947 that snapped the Cadets' 32-game winning streak.

* Seven Italian American football players have won the Heisman Trophy, college football's highest honor. They are Alan Ameche (Wisconsin), Gary Beban (UCLA), Joe Bellino (NAVY), Angelo Bertelli (Notre Dame), John Cappelletti (Penn State), Gino Torretta (Miami), and Vinny Testaverde (Miami). Cappelletti, an all-American running back, gave his trophy to his younger brother, Joey, who was dying of cancer.

* The greatest Super Bowl drive of all time-- eight complete passes in two minutes and thirty seconds was the work of San Francisco 49ers Joe Montana in 1984. Montana quarterbacked the 49ers to four Super Bowl titles before playing for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was the Most Valuable Player of three of those four Super Bowls.

* Dan Marino, who played for the Miami Dolphins, was the highest rated quarterback in the NFL in 1984. He passed for an amazing 47 touchdowns in his first 20 games, a record it took Joe Namath three seasons to match.

* Brian Piccolo led the nation in rushing when he played for Wake Forest University, totaling 1,044 yards during his senior year in 1964. Drafted by the Chicago Bears, he gained 927 yards and caught 58 passes before his life was cut short by cancer in 1970 when he was 27 years old.

* Pro football "iron man" Andy Robustelli was well-named. He missed only one game in 14 years with the Los Angeles Rams and the New York Giants, earning All-Pro honors seven times was named the National Football League's "Player of the Year" in 1962, and elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

* Franco Harris, a black Italian American whose mother came from Lucca, played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. A record-breaking rusher, he led his team to its first divisional title in 40 years and then won two league championships in 1974 and 1975. He held the record for the most yards gained in a Super Bowl -- 158 against the Minnesota Vikings in 1975.

ITALIAN AMERICAN INNOVATORS

Italian Americans created many of the familiar items we enjoy every day.

* The Jacuzzi hot tub and spa were invented by the Jacuzzi family. whose family of seven sons and six daughters came to America in 1907. In 1915, they formed the Jacuzzi Brothers Incorporated, which supplied the American military with propellers. In 1926, they developed the deep well (jet) water pump that led to the famous whirlpool bath.

* Mr. Coffee, the best-selling coffee maker in the world, was invented by Vince Marotta, who also developed a better way extract oil from coffee beans and invented the paper coffee filter. Since 1972, more than 50 million Mr. Coffees have been sold. An estimated 10 billion Mr. Coffee paper filters are sold annually.

* The convertible sofa was invented by Bernard Castro (1904-1991) who came from Italy and opened an upholstery shop in New York in 1931.In 1945, he invented the famous space-saving sofa that even a child could open.

* Chef Boyardee, the man behind the nation's leading brand of spaghetti dinners, pizza mix, sauce and pasta, was really Ettore Boiardi, an Italian immigrant from Emilia Romagna. Boiardi, who began as a chef's apprentice at age 11, eventually opened a restaurant in Cleveland, Ohio in 1924 and began packaging pasta and sauce for his customers to take home. In the 1930s, he began selling his pasta and sauce in cans. A food distributor convinced him to change the spelling of his name to make it easier for Americans to pronounce. During World War II, the company was the largest supplier of rations for the U.S. and Allied Forces.

* The Big Mac, McDonald's sandwich classic, was invented by Jim Delligatti owner of a McDonald's franchise in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Since its introduction in 1967, more than 14 billion Big Macs have been sold, making it the most popular sandwich in the world.

* Antonio Meucci invented the telephone in 1871, five years before Alexander Graham Bell, but the impoverished inventor did not have the funds (about $25.00) to file a patent.

* The popular Radio Flyer red wagon was created by Antonio Pasin, an immigrant Italian carpenter in 1917. Pasin began making the wagon he called the Liberty Coaster, after the Statue of Liberty, one of his first sights in America. Today, his grandson, Robert Pasin is the president of the Chicago-based Radio Flyer Inc, which he runs with his brothers, Antonio and Paul. The company's 100 employees manufacture about 8,000 wagons a day.

* The chocolate bar exists today in part thanks to Domenico Ghirardelli. In 1867, he perfected a method to make ground chocolate. Today, Ghirardelli chocolate is sold all over the world, including the square in San Francisco named after him, where his chocolate factory - now a shopping center -- still stands.

* Mr. Peanut and the Planters Peanut Company were created by Amedeo Obici and Mario Peruzzi, two Italian immigrants. Obici, who came to America from Oderzo in 1889, began selling five-cent bags of peanuts on the street. In 1897, he took Peruzzi as his partner. By 1930, the two had four huge factories, and raked in over $12 million annually. Today the Planters Peanut Company has over 5,000 employees.

* The cough drop was created by Vincent R. Ciccone, who began his career in the 1930s as a janitor at the Charms Candy Co. and retired as the company's president and chief executive officer. Ciccone secured 20 patents, including the "Blow Pop," a lolly pop with a bubble gum center. He died at age 81 in 1997.

* Charles Atlas, born Angelo Siciliano, invented the body-building technique called "Dynamic Tension" in 1921 and was dubbed "America's Most Perfectly Developed Man" by Physical Culture magazine.By the 1950s, the former Coney Island janitor, had over one million followers.He died in 1972 at age 79 while jogging too soon after a heart attack.

* The ice cream cone was invented by an Italian immigrant to New Jersey named Italo Marcioni in 1896.

* The three-way light bulb was invented by Alessandro Dandini, who patented more than 22 inventions, including the rigid retractable automobile top and the spherical system, which concentrates and extracts solar energy. Dandini came to the U.S. in 1945, and taught at the University of Nevada in Reno. He held degrees in science, languages, hydraulic engineering and classical literature. He died in 1991 at age 88.

* Bernard Cousino (1902-1994) held more than 76 patents on audiovisual equipment, including the eight-track tape player and the automobile tape deck.In 1994, just days before his death, he filed a patent for a continuous loop video cassette that allows VCRs to play tapes repeatedly without rewinding.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

For generations, Italian Americans have played major roles as law officers in the U.S.

* The man who pursued Billy the Kid was Charlie Angelo Siringo (1855-1912), a famous Pinkerton detective, who also went after such legendary outlaws as the Sundance Kid, Butch Cassidy and their Hole-in-the-Wall gang, which he infiltrated "undercover." He authored several books, including A Texas Cowboy and A Cowboy Detective, that chronicle the once-wild west.

* The Federal Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 by Charles J. Bonaparte, who was appointed attorney general by Theodore Roosevelt. Previously, he was Secretary of the Navy and the first Italian American in the U.S. Cabinet. In 1993, Louis Freeh, whose mother's name is Bernice Chinchiola, became director of the FBI.

* The first Italian American detective in New York City and the first New York police officer killed abroad in the line of duty was Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino. He was shot in Palermo March 12, 1909 while investigating the Mafia. Petrosino is credited with sending over 500 criminals to prison.

* John Sirica was the judge who presided over the Watergate case for five years and ordered the enforcement of the subpoena, which obliged President Richard Nixon to turn over the infamous tapes. Judge Sirica's decision ultimately led to President Nixon's resignation in 1974.

* U.S. Congressman Peter Rodino chaired the House Judiciary Committee in 1974. Under his leadership, the bipartisan committee investigated President Richard Nixon's actions and recommended that he be impeached. It would have been the second impeachment trial of a sitting president in U.S. history. Instead Nixon resigned. Elected to Congress in 1948, Rodino helped introduce the law which made Columbus Day a national holiday in 1973.

* Antonin Scalia is the first Italian American to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. The son of Sicilian immigrants, he was appointed in 1986 by President Ronald Reagan.

* Before becoming mayor of New York City in 1992, Rudolph Giuliani (b.1944) had a remarkable career as a crime-fighter in the U.S. Department of Justice for 25 years.Between 1968 and 1992, he put drug traffickers and organized crime bosses behind bars, ending his Justice career as associate deputy attorney.Since becoming mayor, he has reduced New York's crime rate, making the city one of the safest in the country.

* Frank Serpico was a New York City undercover policeman whose exposure of police corruption led to the formation of the Knapp Commission.His life and work were the subject of a book by Peter Maas and a movie, starring Al Pacino.

* Before becoming the first woman ever to run for national office, former U.S. Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro served as assistant district attorney in Queens, New York (1974).Four years later, in 1978, she headed the Special Victims Bureau, which she helped create.There she prosecuted cases of child abuse, domestic violence and rape.

* The lead prosecutor in the government's case against crime boss John Gotti was Assistant U.S. District Attorney Diane Giacolone.She presented a strong case during the 61/2 month trial in 1987, but Gotti was acquitted.Ten years later, Gotti's henchman Sammy "The Bull" Gravano revealed that he had fixed the jury.

LITTLE-KNOWN FACTS FROM ITALIAN AMERICAN HISTORY

October is Italian American Heritage Month, celebrating the contributions of an estimated 20 million Americans of Italian descent -- the fifth largest ethnic group in the United States.

* Two signers of the Declaration of Independence were of Italian descent: Maryland's William Paca and Delaware's Caesar Rodney.

* Four Italians were at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876: John Martini, a trumpeter and the last man to see Custer alive; Augusto De Voto, Giovanni Casella, and Lieutenant Charles De Rudio. All four survived the massacre.

* The Planter's Peanut Company and its familiar logo, Mr. Peanut, were created by Amedeo Obici and Mario Peruzzi in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania in 1908.

* "Chattanooga Choo-choo," "Lullaby of Broadway," and "An Affair to Remember" were some of the songs written by Harry Warren, born Salvatore Guaragna.

* The ice cream cone was invented in 1896 by Italo Marcioni in New Jersey. Two generations later, in Pittsburgh Jim Delligatti invented the Big Mac.

* The only enlisted Marine in U.S. history to win the nation's two highest military honors -- the Navy Cross and the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor -- was John Basilone, a U.S. Marine sergeant, who died at the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.

* The suburban shopping mall was developed by William Cafaro and Edward J. DeBartolo. Cafaro pioneered the enclosed shopping mall with his American Mall in Lima, Ohio in 1965. DeBartolo built the first American shopping plaza in the 1940s.

* Between 5,000 and 10,000 Italians fought in the Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy. Four were Union generals, including General Luigi Palma di Cesnola, who received the Medal of Honor and was later the first director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.

* Susan Sarandon, Bruce Springsteen, and Ann Bancroft are Italian American.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN U.S. MILITARY HISTORY

From the Revolutionary War through modern times, Italian Americans have fought to protect the United States.

* During the American Revolution, three Italian regiments totaling 1,500 men assisted the colonists. Also, Italian names are found on the rolls of colonial American regiments.

* An estimated 5,000 to 10,000 Italians fought in the American Civil War for both the North and the South. The exact number is not known since many names were Americanized.

* Giuseppe Garibaldi, who led Italy to unification in 1861, was offered a command as Major General in the Union Army by President Lincoln. Garibaldi declined, but to honor him, the 39th New York Infantry was known as the Garibaldi Guard. About 150 of its 850 men were Italian. It fought in the Union Army from Bull Run to Appomattox.

* More than 100 Italian Americans served as officers in the Union forces during the Civil War including 4 generals; 2 naval commanders; 11 naval officers; 9 colonels and lieutenant colonels; and 28 majors and captains. The exact number is unknown because of the Americanization of Italian surnames and mixed marriages.

* Four Italian Americans became generals during or following their Civil War service: Luigi Palma di Cesnola; Enrico Fardella; Eduardo Ferrero; and Francis Spinola. Gen. Ferrero of the 51st N.Y. Regiment, was among the first Union officers to command black troops. Col. di Cesnola, commander of the 4th NY Cavalry, received the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor. It was awarded in 1897.

* Among the handful of survivors of the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 were four Italian Americans: Lieutenant Charles De Rudio, and enlisted men Augusto De Voto, Giovanni Casella (listed as "John James") and John Martin, (born "Martini").

* Bancroft Gerardi was the first Italian American to attain the rank of U.S. Admiral. He and Louis Sartori were U.S. naval commodores during the U.S.-Mexican War.

* Over 300,000 Italian Americans, including 87,000 Italian nationals, served in the U.S. military during World War I. Among them was Lieutenant Fiorello La Guardia, one of the first soldiers in the new U.S. Army Air Service, the forerunner of the Air Force.

* Among the first U.S. casualties in World War I was John Eopolucci, an Navy guard, who perished after his steamer, "Aztec" was torpedoed near France on April 1, 1917.

* The first Italian American to receive the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor was Luigi Palma di Cesnola, a Union general in the Civil War, who later became the first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

* At least 39 Italian Americans have received the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the U.S. government for bravery "above and beyond the call of duty:" six in the Civil War; two in the Indian War; one for the Spanish-American War; one for the China Boxer Rebellion; one during peacetime service (1889-1911); one in World War I; fourteen for World War II; three for the Korean Conflict; and ten in the Vietnam War.

* More than 1. 5 million Italian Americans served in World War II, according to the late Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. In a speech to the Italian American War Veterans of America August 25, 1961, Rockefeller said that Italian Americans constituted "more than 10 percent of the might of the American forces in World War II.

* John Basilone is the only enlisted Marine in U.S. history to receive the nation's two highest military honors: the Navy Cross for valor and the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor for his service in World War II. Basilone, an Italian American Marine sergeant from New Jersey, fought at the Battle of Guadalcanal (1942), raised millions of dollars in war bonds, and was killed in action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945.

* Captain Don Gentile of the U.S. Army Air Force, shot down over 30 Nazi planes during World War II. Eisenhower called the 24-year-old pilot a "one-man Air Force" and personally pinned the Distinguished Service Cross on him. The "Ace of Aces" was born in Ohio and bought his first plane when he was 15. He died in a training accident after the war in 1950 when he was only 30.

* Four-star General Anthony Zinni, a veteran Marine and the son of Italian immigrants, commanded Operation Desert Fox, the U.S. bombing of Iraq in 1998. It was the largest U.S. offensive since the Gulf War in 1991. A highly decorated officer, he is Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Central Command.

* General Carl Vuono was the first Italian American to be appointed Army chief of staff.He served from 1987-1991 and was appointed by President Ronald Reagan.

Prepared by: The National Italian American Foundation

The NIAF thanks military historian Rudy A. D'Angelo for his assistance with this fact sheet.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN SPORTS

From hockey and boxing to golf and figure skating Italian Americans have excelled in sports.

[*See separate Fact Sheets for Italian American contributions to baseball and football.]

* Rocky Marciano is the only undefeated heavyweight boxing champion in history. He retired in 1956 with a 49-0 record that counted 43 knockouts. Marciano won the Heavyweight Crown in Philadelphia in 1952 and defended his title six times before retiring. He was elected to the Boxing Hall of Fame in 1959 and died in a plane crash ten years later, the day before his 46th birthday. His real name was Rocco Marchegiano.

* Middleweight boxing champions include Carmen Basilio (1957); Rocky Graziano (1947); and Jake LaMotta (1949). In the Lightweight category, world champions include Tony Canzoneri (1930); Ray Mancini (1982); and Vinny Pazienza (1987 and 1991).\

* In 1940 when Guglielmo Papaleo-- Willie Pep-- turned professional boxer when he was only 17 years old. He went on to win 53 fights in a row and then at age 20, beat Chalky Wright for the featherweight championship of the world. At 5' 5", he lost only one of his first 135 fights.

* Boxing manager Angelo Dundee, born Angelo Merena, Jr. in 1921, trained and managed fifteen world champions, including Muhammad Ali, Sugar Ray Leonard, & Jimmy Ellis.

* Bruno Sammartino came to the U.S. from Italy after World War II, suffering from malnutrition. By 1959 he had become a professional wrestler and in 1963 became the world champion, a title he held for twelve years. At 5'11" with a 58-inch chest, 21-inch biceps and a 38-inch waist, he was World Wrestling Federation champ for eight years.

* In hockey, brothers Phil and Tony Esposito have set records. Phil once scored 76 netted goals in a single season. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers for 18 years before retiring in 1981 and in 1984, was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. A five-time winner of the Art Ross trophy as the NHL's top scorer, Esposito was general manager of the New York Rangers. Tony became one of the greatest goaltenders of all time. A 15-year veteran with the Chicago Blackhawks, he was nicknamed "Tony O" for his 76 shutouts. Voted National League All Star a record ten times, Esposito saw his number 35 retired by the Blackhawks in 1988.

* Joe Amato was the 1990 National Hot Rod Association World Champion and the first driver to surpass 280 miles per hour.

* At age 13, tennis player Jennifer Capriati became the first seeded player to win a match in Wimbledon.

* At age 15, Linda Fratianne won the U.S. Ladies Figure Skating Championships in 1977 and 1980. Winner of the 1977 and 1980 World Figure Skating Championships, she capped her career with a silver medal from the 1980 Olympics. One of the few women skaters who routinely performed triple jumps, she won over 140 championships.

* For three consecutive years from 1986 to 1988, then-22-year-old Olympic champion Brian Boitano won the men's singles title at the annual World Figure Skating Championships. During the 1988 Olympic he won the gold medal.

* Charles Atlas, born Angelo Siciliano, invented the body-building technique called "Dynamic Tension" in 1921 and was dubbed "America's Most Perfectly Developed Man" by Physical Culture magazine. By the 1950s, the former Coney Island janitor, had over one million followers. He died in 1972 at age 79, while jogging too soon after a heart attack.

* Eddie Arcaro's horse racing career spanned more than 24,000 races, of which he won an average of one out of every four for a total of 4,799 wins. A five-time Kentucky Derby winner, he also won the Belmont stakes at Preakness six times, earning $30,039,543.

* During the 1940s and 1950s, Willie Mosconi was the world billiard champion 15 times, had a consecutive ball run of 526 in a 1954 exhibition and held many world records. He died in 1993.

* Victor Romagna sailed on the crew of three winning America's Cup teams in 1958, 1962 and 1967. He also competed in 22 Bermuda races and two trans-Atlantic competitions. In 1994, the former sailing coach of the U.S. Naval Academy (1981-89) was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame. He died in 1998 at age 80.

* Golfer Ken Venturi won both the British and the U.S. Opens in 1956. In 1964 he won the U.S. Open and was named "Player of the Year" by the Professional Golf Association.

* Golfer Donna Caponi, with the Ladies' Professional Golf Association won the U.S. Open in 1969 and 1970. She had five tournament wins in 1980 and most consecutive holes without a bogey-- 50.

* Gene Sarazen, born Eugene Saracini in 1902, is the first golfer to win each of the modern Grand Slam Championships, beginning with the Professional Golf Association and U.S. Open titles in 1922. He won both again two more times each. During the 1973 British Open, he got a hole-in-one on the 126-yard eighth hole.

* Mario Andretti won the Indianapolis 500 championship in 1969, with a new record of 157 miles per hour, and went on to win the 1978 Grand Prix world championship, three national championships and several victories at the Daytona 500 and Toronto 500.

* Two earlier Italian Americans also won the Indianapolis 500: Ralph DePalma won in 1915 and help to design and build the Packard V-12, which he drove to a new land speed record of 149.87 m.p.h. in 1919, and Peter DePaola, in 1925. De Paola was the first man to exceed the 100 m.p.h. mark for average speed at the Indy 500 with 101.13 mph. Both were among the first to be inducted into the Auto Racing Hall of Fame.

* In 1990, Mary Lou Retton, born Mary Lou Rettoni, became the first female gymnast and the youngest athlete ever inducted into the Olympic Hall of Fame. In the 1984 Olympics at age 16, she won the all-around gold medal in women's gymnastics.

* Matt Biondi has set four World Records and is believed to be the fastest swimmer of all times. His 11 Olympic medals (8 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze) tie him with Mark Spitz as the most decorated U.S. Olympian in history.

* Jerry Colangelo, an astute judge of basketball talent, has guided the Phoenix Suns to prominence in the National Basketball League (NBA) for more than three decades. He became their first general manager in 1968 at age 28, making him the youngest general manager in sports. A native of Chicago Heights, Illinois, he also helped form Phoenix's major league baseball team, the Diamondbacks.

* Hank Luisetti, three-time All-American, was the first basketball player to use a one-handed shot.In 1936, he played for Stanford University, averaging 14 to 17 points per game.During his three varsity seasons with the team, it won 68 of 79 games played.

* Susan Notorangelo holds the fastest transcontinental record for cycling across the United States. She set the record in 1989 when it took her 9 days, 9 hours and 9 minutes to travel those 2, 950 miles at an average speed of 13.45 miles per hour.

* Dan Biasone invented basketball's 24-second clock in 1954, an invention that many credit with creating the game we know today.A native of Italy, he immigrated to the U.S. and founded the Syracuse Nationals (today the Philadelphia 76-ers), which he owned from 1946 to 1963.Biasone died in 1992 and was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in the year 2000.

* In 1978, Chicago business man George Randazzo established the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in Chicago, Illinois. The NIASHF recognizes and promotes the achievements of Italian American athletes and their contributions to sports. Contact the NIASHF at 312/226-5566.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN POPULAR MUSIC

Italian Americans have helped shape American popular music as composers and performers.

* In 1914, Domenick "Nick" La Rocca, a cornetist, and Anthony Sbarbaro, a drummer, formed the first jazz band, The Original Dixieland Jazz Band. In 1917, the quintet made the first jazz record, "Darktown Strutters Ball" which sold a million copies. La Rocca wrote the classic "Tiger Rag," now known as "Hold That Tiger," the official song of Louisiana State University. Born in 1889 in New Orleans, he died in 1961 at age 72.

* Louis Prima, a trumpeter, composer and band leader, successfully crossed the line between jazz to swing, then to R&B, and finally to rock n' roll. Some of his famous compositions are "Brooklyn Boogie" and "Oh Babe." His greatest achievement was his 1936 composition "Sing, Sing, Sing" which was later recorded by Benny Goodman and stands as the most powerful big band/ jazz hit of all time.

* Three-time Academy Award winner Harry Warren (1893-1981), was born Salvatore Guaragna in Brooklyn and was the son of a Calabrian boot maker. One of Hollywood's most successful and prolific composers during the 30s, 40s and 50s, he wrote "Chattanooga Choo Choo," "I Only Have Eyes For You," "A Love Affair to Remember," and "That's Amore," among many other songs. Between 1935 and 1950, he wrote more hit songs than Cole Porter, Irving Berlin or George Gershwin, three of which earned him Academy Awards: "Lullaby of Broadway," "You'll Never Know," and "Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe."

* Sonny Dae, born Pascal Vennitti in 1931, recorded "Rock Around the Clock" in 1950, four years before Bill Haley & the Comets made it "Rock 'n Roll's" first big hit in 1954.

* Musical arranger Al Caiola wrote the theme song for the 1950s TV series "Bonanza."

* For nearly half a century, from 1929 to 1977, Guy Lombardo led his Royal Canadians band, which became an institution on New Year's Eve when millions of people crowded into Manhattan's Times Square while Lombardo's band played "Auld Lang Syne."

* Frank Guida, song writer and music arranger, produced the 1960s gold records "New Orleans," "Quarter to Three," "Stand By Me," and "If You Wanna Be Happy." His "Norfolk Sound" is believed to have influenced the Beatles' "Liverpool Sound."

* Born Alfred Cucozza in Philadelphia in 1921, Mario Lanza, took his mother's name as his stage name and became the first vocalist to sell 2.5 million albums and the first singer to receive a gold disc for his recording of "Be My Love." After a legendary recording career (he made 390 records), he went to Hollywood and made eight movies (1949-1959). Born the same year that Enrico Caruso died, like Caruso, Lanza died prematurely. An embolism struck him down in Rome at age 38 in 1959.

* Sonny Bono achieved international fame in 1972 with his wife Cher, recording his composition, "I Got You, Babe."Another popular hit here and abroad was his song, "Little Man." After his recording and television career ended, he became a successful restauranteur, became mayor of Palm Springs, California in 1988 and in 1994 was elected to represent California in the U.S. Congress. Bono died during a skiing accident in Lake Tahoe in 1998. He was 62 years old.

* Four-time Academy Award and 20-time Grammy and Gold Record winner Henry Mancini is remembered for his classic "Moon River" from Breakfast at Tiffany's. He also wrote the scores for 80 other movies, including the Pink Panther series, The Days of Wine and Roses and Victor-Victoria. Born in 1924 in Ohio, he was a child prodigy who mastered the piccolo, flute, and piano by the time he was 12. His break came when he scored the theme music to Peter Gunn, a popular TV series of the early1960s. Mancini died of pancreatic cancer in 1994. He was 70 years old.

* Conductor and composer Bill Conti wrote the theme song, "Gonna Fly Now" to the classic movie Rocky in 1976. He has since scored more than 70 movies, including Rocky II, III, and V; Private Benjamin, The Karate Kid (I., II, and III), the James Bond film, For Your Eyes Only, and the astronaut epic, The Right Stuff , for which he received an Academy Award in 1983. He also has written the theme songs for 40 TV programs, including Dynasty, Falcon Crest and Life Styles of the Rich and Famous.

* Among the many Italian Americans who popularized American songs here and abroad are Frank Sinatra; Vic Damone (Vito Farinola); Dean Martin ( Dino Crocetti); Tony Bennett (Anthony Benedetto); Frankie Laine (Frank Lo Vecchio), Perry Como, Frankie Avalon (Frank Avalone), Bobby Rydell (Roberto Ridarelli), Connie Francis (Concetta Franconero), Bobby Darin (Walden Cassotto), Joanie James (Joan Babbo) and Jon Bon Jovi.

ITALIAN AMERICAN INFLUENCES IN WASHINGTON, DC

Most Americans know that the District of Columbia is named after Christopher Columbus, but few realize how great a role other Italians and their descendants have had in building the city and its monuments. Italians helped create Washington's classic architecture and impressive monuments, and many of the city's schools, churches, and federal buildings.

* THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL -- Neapolitan immigrant Attilio Piccirilli and his five brothers carved the statue of Lincoln, which they began in 1911 and completed in 1922. It is 19 feet high and made of 28 blocks of marble, carefully fitted together.The gifted sculptors, working out of their studio/living complex in the Bronx, also carved the famous lions on the steps of the New York Public Library, and the facade of the Brooklyn Museum among many other works in New York and across America.See Attilio Piccirilli's biography by Joseph V. Lombardo, published in 1944.

* THE NATIONAL CATHEDRAL -- Using techniques handed down by stone carvers since the Middle Ages, Italian artisans created the gargoyles and statues that decorate the facade of Washington's most famous place of worship.

* THE CAPITOL BUILDING -- A concrete symbol of American democracy, the Capitol bears the imprint of Italian talent. Between 1855 and 1870, the Italian artist, Constantino Brumidi decorated its interior dome, corridors, and the President's Room where Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

* UNION STATION -- Italian construction workers helped build Washington's train station, which was begun in 1905 and completed in 1908, considered one of the most beautiful train stations in the United States. The six statues that decorate the station's facade were sculpted by Andrew E. Bernasconi between 1909 and 1911.

* METRO -- Washington is justifiably proud of its quiet, modern subway system, but few of the thousands of commuters who ride it daily know that more than 60 percent of Metro's 764 subway cars are made in Italy. The DC Transit Authority purchased 466 cars from Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie in Pistoia at a cost of about $1.3 million each.

ITALIAN AMERICAN WOMEN TRAIL BLAZERS

Italian American women have led the way for women in business, politics, labor and many other fields.

* The first American saint was Mother Frances Cabrini, who founded the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart and recruited over 4,000 sisters to aid her efforts. Mother Cabrini founded 14 American colleges, 98 schools, 28 orphanages and eight hospitals. She emigrated to the U.S. in 1889 and became a U.S. citizen in 1909. She died in 1917 and was canonized in 1946.

* The first woman to run for national office was Geraldine Ferraro, who was the Democratic candidate for vice president in 1984. Mrs. Ferraro also served in Congress, representing a district in Queens, New York, from 1979 to 1985.

* The first woman ever elected governor in her own right was Ella T. Grasso of Connecticut. Born in 1919, Ella Grasso was elected to U.S. House of Representatives in 1970. According to the Library of Congress, Mrs. Grasso was also the first Italian American woman elected to Congress. She served until 1975 when she was elected governor of Connecticut. She brought the state out of debt, personally organized a massive relief effort during a 1978 blizzard , and created an "open government," which gave ordinary citizens easier access to public records. Ella Grasso died of cancer in 1981 at age 62.

* In 1998, Patricia Fili-Krushel became the president of ABC Television and the first woman ever to head a major network.

* The first woman ever toedit The Journal of the AmericanMedical Association (JAMA) in its 116-year history is Catherine De Angelis, M.D. Vice dean at Baltimore's Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, she became a nurse, then put herself through college and medical school.A pediatrician and child advocate, she was born in Pennsylvania where her father worked in a silk mill.Dr. De Angelis became JAMA editor in 2000.

* Penny Marshall (nee Carole Penny Masciarelli) has made a remarkable transition from star of the hit TV series Laverne & Shirley to one of the few women directors in Hollywood. Her second film, Big in 1988 made her the first woman director in American history to direct a film that earned $100 million. Her other films include Jumping Jack Flash, Awakenings, and A League of Their Own.

* The first American singer to perform at New York's famed Metropolitan Opera House without European training was Rosa Ponselle. Born Rosa Ponzillo in Connecticut, "the Cinderella of Opera," made her debut at the Met in 1918 when she was 21 in Verdi's La Forza del Destino, opposite Enrico Caruso after being discovered in vaudeville. She played over 20 roles in her 19-year career at the Met, retiring in 1936 to marry and teach. She died in 1981 at age 83.

* Mary Lou Retton was the first American woman gymnast ever to win a gold medal. At the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, Retton, then age 16, won a total of five medals. In 1985, she became the youngest inductee to the U.S. Olympic Committee Hall of Fame.

* At age 24, Bonnie Tiburzi became the first woman pilot in commercial aviation history. She was hired by American Airlines in 1973. Her book Takeoff, tells her story.

* Sister Blandina Segale founded the first public school in New Mexico in 1881. Her book At The End of the Santa Fe Trail, published in 1893, is believed to be the first published by an Italian American woman.

* In the early 1900s, Angela Bambace, an 18-year-old Italian American woman who worked in a shirtwaist factory in New York, organized the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) in New York and Maryland. She was elected vice president of the ILGWU in 1956, becoming the first woman to penetrate the all-male leadership of the ILGWU. She retired in 1972.

* California has a children's and maternity ward in every county hospital, thanks to "Dr. Crusade," Mariana Bertola, M.D. A teacher, obstetrician, political activist and social reformer in the early 20th century, Dr. Bertola was active in progressive political reform movements, founded women's clubs and settlement houses and lobbied to include maternity and children's wards in every public California hospital.

* Fairleigh Dickinson University was co-founded by the late Sylvia (Sally) Scaramelli and her husband, Peter Sammartino. They established the New Jersey liberal arts college in 1942.

* Rosie the Riveter, who represented the millions of American women who took men's places in factories during World War II was Rosie Bonavita of Long Island, New York.

* Celeste Lizio, who came to America during the 1930s and opened a restaurant with her husband in Chicago, founded Mama Celeste's Pizza, a line of frozen Italian foods that she later sold to Quaker Oats.

* Debra DiMaio was the six-time Emmy-winning producer of the Oprah Winfrey show. She resigned in 1994 after serving as Oprah's executive producer since 1986.

* In 1950, Dr. Margaret J. Giannini founded the Mental Retardation Institute in New York City, the first and largest facility for the mentally handicapped in the world.

* The National Organization of Women (NOW) was turned around by Eleanor Cutri Smeal, who was elected president of the organization in 1970 and within two years made NOW the world's largest women's organization with 100,000 members.

* In 1974, Betty Della Corte established one of the first battered women's shelter and treatment programs in the nation.Her Faith House Agencies in Glendale, Arizona have helped more than 30,000 women and children.Born in Brooklyn, New York of Neapolitan heritage, Della Corte chronicled her crusade in her book, "Shelter From The Storm."

* Suzette Charles, born Suzette De Gaetano, was the first Italian American to win the Miss America title as the second runner up and replaced Vanessa Williams in the 1984 contest.

* Maria Teresa Cafarelli de Francisi was the model for "Miss Liberty," which appeared on the one-dollar silver coins that circulated in the U.S. during the 1920s and 30s. The coins are now valued at about $100 each. [ Her husband, Antonio de Francisi was the coin's engraver. He emigrated from Palermo in 1903 at age 16.]

* Maria Botto and her husband, Pietro opened their home in Haledon, New Jersey to 25,000 silk mill workers during the 1913 Paterson Silk Strike. The strike helped lay the groundwork for the eight-hour work day and better conditions for American workers. Today their 12-room Victorian is the American Labor Museum/Botto House, a national landmark.

* Artist Georgia O'Keeffe was of Italian descent. Her mother was Ida Totto and the artist was named for her maternal grandfather, Giorgio Totto, who was born in Italy.

* The Congress of Italian American Organizations (CIAO), based in New York, was founded by Brooklyn-born Mary Sansone in 1964. CIAO works to unite the Italian American community through various civic activities.

* Patricia de Stacy Harrison (b. de Stasio) in 1997 became the first Italian American ever elected co-chair of the Republican National Committee.A businesswoman, and author, de Stacy Harrison set as her mission bringing more women and minorities into the party.

ITALIAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

Few people are aware that more than half a million Italians living in the United States during World War II suffered serious violations of their civil rights.

* Shortly after the United States declared war on Italy in 1941, the federal government classified more than 600,000 Italians living in the United States as "internal enemies."

* From February through October 1942, the United States imposed restrictions on these 600,000 Italians, most of whom had been living in the United States since the turn of the century.

* As "enemy aliens," Italians were required to register at the nearest post office, carry identification cards, and report all job changes. They could not travel more than five miles from their homes, had to adhere to curfews, and were forbidden to own guns, cameras, and short-wave radios.

* The Army forced more than 100 U.S. citizens of Italian birth to relocate from the east and west coasts and the Gulf of Mexico to "safe" inland zones.

* The restrictions caused many Italians to lose their jobs and limited the freedom of movement of thousands of others, including a fisherman named Giuseppe DiMaggio, who could not visit the San Francisco restaurant owned by his son, Joe DiMaggio.

* During World War II, an estimated 1.2 million Americans of Italian descent served in the U.S. military, constituting one of the largest segments of the US combat forces of about 12 million. However, elderly Italian mothers and fathers were not allowed to visit sons in the U.S. armed forces, who were assigned to military installations.

* The Immigration and Naturalization Service held nearly 3,300 Italians in internment camps for varying lengths of time during the war.

* During the same period, the mayors of two of America's largest cities were Italian Americans: Angelo Rossi of San Francisco and Fiorello LaGuardia of New York. Both were sons of Italian immigrants.

* For more information, see "The Unknown Internment" by Stephen Fox. The book is available from the author in McKinleyville, California for $10.00. To order, call or fax 707/839-1919.

U.S. TRIBUTES TO CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

The strong American interest in Christopher Columbus has produced the largest number of Columbus monuments of any nation in the world, according to The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia (Editor: Silvio A. Bedini; Simon & Schuster, 1992).

Other countries that also pay tribute to the 15th century Italian explorer are Mexico, nations in Central and South America, Spain, Italy, and several islands in the Caribbean.

* The first mention of a Columbus monument in the United States was during the Revolutionary War. In 1782, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Verger, an officer with the French forces aiding the colonists, noted in his journal that he saw a statue of Columbus in Philadelphia's Independence Hall.

* In New York City, the local Tammany Society in 1792 raised a Columbus monument to celebrate the tricentennial of his first voyage to the New World. It was a 14-foot obelisk of black marble and bore scenes from Columbus's life.

* The oldest tribute to Columbus still standing is in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a stone obelisk, erected in 1792 on his estate by Chevalier Charles D'Annemour, the French Consul to the city. In the 1960s, however, the monument was moved to the Samuel Ready Institute on North Avenue and Harford Road.

* The newest monument to Columbus overlooks New York Harbor in Liberty State Park, New Jersey. Dedicated October 9, 1998, it is a three-storey sail of Columbus with bas-reliefs of scenes from his life. Made of travertine marble and bronze, it stands in the park's new Christopher Columbus Plaza. A gift of the Italian government, it was erected by the National Italian American Foundation and the Columbus Citizens' Foundation from private donations totaling $500,000.

* Boston has the oldest statue of Columbus. It was raised in 1849 (circa) and believed to be sponsored by Marquis Niccolo Reggio, an Italian businessman and consul in Boston for the Papal States, Spain, and the kingdoms of Sardinia and of the Two Sicilies. It stands in Louisburg Square.

* Philadelphia claims the first monument to Columbus entirely funded by public donations. The statue was erected in 1876 by Italian Americans in the city to celebrate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence.

* The oldest monument to Columbus in the western states is in California. It is a marble statue group of Columbus explaining his theory to Queen Isabella while a page looks on. It was donated in 1883 by a wealthy businessman to the Sacramento State Capitol where it still stands today.

* The largest and most imposing monument to Columbus stands in New York City's Columbus Circle at 59th Street. The 14-foot marble statue of Columbus rests on a granite column 61 feet high (total: 75 feet). It was erected in 1892 from contributions by Italian Americans across the country, led by the Italian American newspaper, Il Progresso

* Among the most singular monuments are:

o the Columbus Doors on the U.S. Capitol in Washington, DC, which were cast in 1860 and modeled after Lorenzo Ghiberti's doors to the baptistry in Florence. Made of bronze, they show scenes from Columbus's life.

o the Columbus Chapel in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, which has many Columbus relics, including his desk and the cross he used to claim the New World for Spain.

o the Columbus statue in The Bronx, New York, which was created by Attilio Piccirilli, one of six Italian Americanbrothers who carved the Lincoln Memorial.

o the statue of Columbus in Providence, Rhode Island, which was cast by Frederic Auguste Bertholdi, the French artist who also created the Statue of Liberty.

* Most of the monuments to Columbus have been sponsored by Italian American groups and private individuals, usually with the help of Italian American newspapers. Many were erected in the late 19th century to commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of Columbus's first voyage. They were generally commissioned from Italian sculptors working in Italy.

* Many American monuments to Columbus share stylistic traits and represent Columbus as young, with shoulder-length hair; wearing a short tabard, or sleeveless coat; holding a globe or a map and standing near an anchor.

* The most unusual portrayal of Columbus is the gilt bronze larger-than-life statue of him with a beard in St. Louis, Missouri. It is the first bronze statue of Columbus in the US and was commissioned in 1886 by a wealthy businessman, who insisted on the facial hair. Objecting, the sculptor carved on the statue: "I knew he didn't have a beard."

Prepared by: The National Italian American Foundation